The desk research explores different aspects of hate speech usage. The document provides an analysis of local and international practice from legislative, social, and political perspectives. It is structured around the following topics:

• Local practices and trends in the use of hate speech;

• Hate speech legislation;

• The use of hate speech in school textbooks, media, and other fields;

• Best international practices.

Hate speech and hate crimes are significant challenges in the modern world, as emphasized by António Guterres, the United Nations SecretaryGeneral, in his address to the world. He stated that:

“Hate speech is an alarm bell - the louder it rings, the greater the threat of genocide. It precedes and promotes violence.“

The research aims to analyse the use of hate speech, trends in its usage, and legislation related to hate speech. It also seeks to explore international legislation and practices concerning hate speech. Additionally, the research aims to identify initiatives and experiences related to hate speech and effective responses to hate speech, based on international studies. It will also evaluate instances of hate speech in school textbooks, mass media, and social networks in relation to gender equality. 

HATE SPEECH